The GOAT network has launched its testnet based on BitVM2 technology, with a noteworthy implementation: real-time proof of Bitcoin ZK Rollup. This implementation enables fast ZK Rollup proofs, which is an important development for the infrastructure of BTC L2. From a user experience perspective, there will be a significant efficiency improvement in withdrawal times compared to before, which will help attract more developers and user attention.

So, how can we simply understand this from a technical perspective?

First, let's look at the implementation process of Bitcoin L2 on the GOAT network. The GOAT network is a solution based on Bitcoin L2, utilizing BitVM2 and zkMIPS technology, supporting the realization of native BTC earnings (meaning participants have the opportunity to earn more BTC). Its process mainly includes Bridge in, Bridge out, Sequencer Set Commitment, and Reimbursement processing. Bridge in primarily involves staking BTC into a taproot script (with no controlled private key), and the relayer submits it to Goat's contract. The committee constructs the BitVM2 transaction flow, the operator pre-signs and stores it on IPFS, and after user verification, the relayer issues PegBTC on L2; Bridge out is the withdrawal process, where users conduct atomic transactions with the operator (users can also be operators themselves; if they prefer not to, they can complete the withdrawal through the operator), destroying PegBTC on L2, and the operator initiates reimbursement processing without needing to perform a Peg-OUT transaction on the BTC main chain. Sequencer Set Commitment mainly refers to the committee regularly using a Merkle tree to commit to future sequencer sets, supporting the verification of Bitcoin light client mechanisms. By verifying through the light client mechanism, the committed validator set on BTC serves as public input for subsequent zero-knowledge proof verification, enabling the verification of L2 block consensus. Reimbursement processing involves the operator staking BTC and submitting the transaction ID for withdrawal along with the latest block hash. Challengers perform off-chain and on-chain verification, and if there are no challenges, the operator receives the funds. Challengers can also raise challenges, and when a challenge occurs, a validator is randomly generated, who can perform interactive verification through Bitcoin scripts. The challenge period is shortened to about 1 day (approximately 144 BTC blocks), compressing the time required for finality. Additionally, it uses a decentralized sequencer, where operators stake BTC to participate, and the economic model generates native BTC earnings from L2 gas fees.

Next, let's focus on the real-time proof of ZK Rollup, starting with its Rollup technology. The GOAT network will bundle multiple L2 transactions into batches, executing them off-chain to generate a ZK proof, which will be verified through the Bitcoin main chain (such as in the Assert/Disprove phase of BitVM2). The advantage of ZK proofs is that there is no need to upload all transaction details; moreover, unlike Ethereum's zksync or Starknet, Goat uses Bitcoin Taproot scripts and other native mechanisms to anchor state updates, thus avoiding reliance on external bridging or multi-signature mechanisms.

Now that we have a basic understanding of its ZK Rollup technology, let's look at the real-time proof mechanism. According to the GOAT network documentation, its real-time proof generation employs the zkMIPS engine, utilizing a pipelined parallel proof architecture and a distributed GPU prover network to achieve rapid proof generation. First, block proof generation uses execution trace sharding and parallel proof techniques to verify whether the Rollup state transitions are correct; second, aggregation proof recursively compresses multiple block proofs; finally, SNARK proof (Groth16) compresses into a small verifiable proof on BitVM2.

To achieve real-time proof, the aforementioned proof generation is not processed in a single line but uses a pipelined parallel processing mechanism, primarily relying on ZKM's zkVM "Ziren" technology, along with GPU acceleration and a distributed prover network. According to the current official data from its testnet, block proof averages about 2.6 seconds, aggregation proof averages 2.7 seconds, and SNARK proof takes about 10.38 seconds. Users can view the complete ZK proof generation process for each withdrawal in real-time through the front-end page.

If ZK proof can be completed in less than 1 minute, it means that the speed of user withdrawals will be greatly accelerated. Previously, some Bitcoin L2 networks required several hours to initiate withdrawals, but with fast proofs, users can initiate withdrawals immediately after proof generation, meaning they can initiate withdrawals in less than 1 minute. Of course, the final arrival time for users still depends on the transaction situation of the Bitcoin mainnet. However, in terms of withdrawals, there is no need to wait, making the withdrawal experience nearly equivalent to initiating a transaction on the Bitcoin chain.

In addition to withdrawals, real-time proof will also encourage developers to build high-frequency L2 applications, and its compatibility with EVM can attract developers from the Ethereum ecosystem. For operators, there is no need to wait for batch proof issuance, which can enhance capital efficiency. ZK technology is relatively complex, and long-term security will require some time to prove. However, the implementation of real-time proof is an important technological advancement for Bitcoin L2. Of course, Bitcoin L2 still has a long way to go; in addition to building technical infrastructure, more efforts are needed to explore user needs and encourage developers to build Bitcoin L2 applications. Ultimately, the Bitcoin L2 ecosystem must thrive to generate sufficient transaction fees to achieve growth. One clear demand is that many BTC holders also wish to earn returns, as evidenced by the number of BTC on the Ethereum chain (such as WBTC), which currently exceeds 150,000 BTC, valued at over $15 billion. If native security based on the BTC chain can be achieved, more BTC holders will be willing to try to earn returns through BTCFI.

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