The Xia Dynasty of China may not exist at all:

Not to mention the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, even the Xia Dynasty (about 2070 BC - 1600 BC) may be fabricated; it is not to say that there were no humans on Chinese land during that period, but rather that there was no civilization on Chinese land at that time. There may have been some primitive cultures, but currently, there is no archaeological evidence supporting the existence of the Xia Dynasty!

Meanwhile, the Sumerian civilization of Mesopotamia (6500 BC - 4000 BC), even if the Xia Dynasty existed, is nearly 2000 years older. The Sumerian "Ubaid period" had already developed a complete writing system, a legal system, and advanced bronze smelting technology, leaving a large number of texts, artifacts, and historical sites to this day;

Egypt's First Dynasty period (about 3300 BC - 2900 BC) is also over 1000 years earlier than the Xia Dynasty, and the artifacts left by the First Dynasty are breathtaking. The advancements in astronomy, geography, metallurgy, and art far surpassed those of China’s Han Dynasty, 3000 years later. Today, these artifacts are the treasures of major museums around the world.

In contrast, besides a few fragmented descriptions in historical books, there is no real-world artifact supporting the existence of the Xia Dynasty! Therefore, it is incorrect to say that Chinese history spans 5000 years; it should rather begin from the Shang Dynasty (1570 BC - 1046 BC), making Chinese history about 3600 years long!

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