A very meaningful perspective, which seems to be a long-term positive interpretation of Ethereum layer 2: the true value of layer 2s is an "experimental innovation sandbox" For example, @ Arbitrum can explore DAO governance, @ Optimism can implement RetroPGF funding mechanism, @ Base can try CEX fusion, @ zksync can promote account abstraction, and so on. These innovations would be too risky if implemented directly on the main network, but even if they fail on layer 2, they will not endanger the entire ecosystem. And interestingly, it seems that different layers 2 can serve completely different user groups, such as compliant enterprise chains, anti censorship privacy chains, game chains that can achieve high-frequency transactions, and so on. It seems that looking back, there are indeed many layer2+layer3 solutions built on the basis of various Stack stacks. Although they have not become the expected redeemers for Ethereum's drainage and blood transfusion, they have indeed made remarkable contributions in the "diversity" of experimental scalability solutions. Of course, one could also say that they all ultimately aim to issue tokens, but there is an underlying logic that they have at least to some extent continued and inherited Ethereum's decentralized security features. Otherwise, using the current star product @ HyperliquidX and the independent exclusive chain layer 1 thinking that some Wall Street giants want to do, although it can achieve a smooth upgrade in experience, it is essentially sacrificing decentralization for ultimate performance, and these independent chains are also likely to issue tokens. What they do may not be fundamentally different from or even worse than layer 2, but this step is a complete negation of the experimental field of layer 2. So, in front of layer 2, there is actually a very clear path. Abandoning the broad and comprehensive idea of the General Purpose chain is the right way to explore Sepecific Chain for the new Mass Adoption requirements. For example, how to introduce well-known game IPs, how to meet privacy trading and compliance, how to serve the high-frequency interaction needs of AI agents, how to provide compliant face channels for RWA assets, and so on. In other words, as long as Layer2s abandons the pure technical architecture of internal competition, abandons the big and all encompassing obsession with general chains, and focuses on business integration with TradFi, the situation of Layer2 may not be as pessimistic as people think.